Harper Lees Biography - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1607 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Did you like this example? Harper Lee had a very interesting life full writing and fame. She had childhood experiences, grew up in Alabama, life experiences, friendships that shaped her as a writer, and a critical analysis on To Kill a Mockingbird. This also contributed to her winning the Pulitzer Prize for To Kill a Mockingbird in 1961 (Anderson 1). In her life she did many incredible things that not many people have done before. For example, writing a book about racial injustice, especially in Alabama, her home town, where the book takes place. Harper Lee was born and raised in Alabama starting her life’s journey in 1926 when she was first-born. Lee was born in Monroeville on April 28, 1926, the youngest child of Amasa Coleman Lee, a lawyer, and Frances Finch who struggled with episodes of mental illness (Anderson 1). This showed that Lee’s fiction book To Kill a Mockingbird was certainly influenced and shaped by her childhood experiences (Anderson 1). Lee also had a brother and a sister and fellow author to be, Truman Capote (Anderson 1). Truman Capote was a frequent summer visitor of Monroeville and they were close friends. Harper Lee grew up in Alabama and this shaped her and To Kill a Mocking Bird. Since she grew up in Alabama and did not have a wealthy family she lived a simple life.â€Å"We had to use our own devices in our own play, for our own entertainment. We didn’t have much money . . . . We didn’t have toys, nothing was done for us, so the result was that we lived in our imagination most of the time.† (Anderson 1). Also, Lee grew up in Alabama where they had racial injustice. Therefore, she saw it first hand at what was happening in her own backyard. Harper Lee’s writing education also had an impact on her writing career. Lee attended public grammar school and high school in Monroeville (Anderson 1). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Harper Lees Biography" essay for you Create order While she was there she continued her passion by writing columns (Anderson 1). After she dropped out she left Alabama and went to New York to pursue her literary career and follow her dreams (Anderson 1). Harper Lee also had many life experiences that shaped her as a person and as a writer. After her first novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, she began to retreat from all media (Coats 1). This meant that she declined requests for interviews because she preferred a more quiet lifestyle (Coats 1). So, she lived between her childhood home in Monroeville, Alabama, and her apartment in New York City (Coats 1). This was so that when she needed a break from the bustling city of New York, she could reside at her true home in the much more quieter Monroeville. Along with the life experiences she had friendships that shaped her writing styles and stories. She shared many of her childhood experiences with Truman Capote. Capote was a frequent summer visitor of Monroeville who was about the same age as her. Since they didn’t have toys they played pretend to amuse themselves. After those summers they had a life long friendship. This led to them working together on the book Cold Blood and in the end he dedicated the book to her (Anderson 1). To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee mostly portrays what growing up in the 1930’s in the South was like (Nair 2). The main character in To Kill a Mockingbird is Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch, Jem which is her brother, and their father Atticus Finch (Nair 2). This story shows three years of Scouts life that had significant changes (Nair 2). Scout is a tomboy who likes to make friends with boys and prefers to settle arguments with her fists (Nair2). Scout tries to make sense of the world telling her to act like a lady, her brother telling her not to act like a girl, and her dad who accepts her the way she is (Nair 2). Atticus is a local lawyer of Maycomb who tries to balance being a single parent and raising his children to have honor and respect using himself as an example (Nair 2). This book took place during the Depression making times hard and no money to be found anywhere in town (Nair 2). They spent their time together by acting out stories (Nair 2). As time went on, Dill becomes fascinated with the spooky Radley place (Nair 2). The house is owned by Mr. Radley, whose brother, Boo has never went outside (Nair 2). They even went as far as to create a play on Boo’s life (Nair 2). Shortly after, Atticus forbid them to do anything involving Mr. Radley (Nair 2). Once Scout starts school she immediately hates it so she ends up gaining her most valuable knowledge on her own street from her father (Nair 2). Since she is starting school she has to walk to and fro every day. When Dill came back they began to act out Boo’s life again (Nair 2). As before Atticus put a stop to it (Nair 2). Dill’s inquisitiveness grew, so on the last day of his stay they decided to sneak onto the Radley property (Nair 2). They were soon shot at because Mr. Radley thought they were thieves trying to steel his crops. Jem loses his pants during the escape and the next day he found them sewn up on the fence (Nair 2). The next winter they begin to find gifts in the tree again, which they presume to be left by Boo Radley (Nair 3). Nathan Radley eventually sees them finding the gifts and fills the tree with cement (Nair 3). Shortly after, the house next door turns ablaze and as Scout is watching the flames someone puts a blanket on her shoulders (Nair 3). They are convinced it was Boo so they decided to show Atticus the pants, the blanket, and the presents (Nair 3). Meanwhile, Atticus is going to defend Tom Robinson, a black man, in court because he was accused of rape to Mayella Ewell (Nair 3). The town immediately finds Tom at fault and they start to look at Atticus in a negative way for doing the right thing (Nair 3). Consequently, the children are tormented at school, but their father reminds them to stay collected in this hard time (Nair 3). Atticus knows that he will not win the case but he proceeds to go through with it to show the townspeople how unfair and prejudice they are being (Nair 3). The trial begins and Tom is put in a holding cell, after people hear of this they begin to form mobs outside intending to hurt Mr. Robinson (Nair 3). So, Scout and Jem appear and ask one of the men a polite question about his son (Nair 3). This makes them ashamed and they leave Tom alone. On the day of the trial Atticus does not want the kids to be there, but they sneak out anyway. Since there is no place to sit on the main floor Rev. Sykes invites them to sit on the colored balcony (Nair 3). Since Tom is crippled, there is no way he could have beaten Mayella on the right side (Nair 3). This clearly proves that Tom did not Rape Mayella rather her father beat her for kissing Mr. Robinson (Nair 3). Tom is sentenced to prison and is soon fatally shot (Nair 3). After the trial is over Bob Ewell begins to threaten Atticus for embarrassing him in court (Nair 3). He soon attacks Jem and Scout while they are on their way home at night (Nair 3). Jem broke his arm and is passed out (Nair 3). Luckily, someone heard their screams and came to save them and carried Jem home, where Scout realizes that it was Boo Radley (Nair 3). When the sheriff came he found Bob Ewell dead under a tree and the medic announced that Jem would be all right (Nair 3). Scout walked Boo home and she reali zed that all this time he was watching over them all along and just for a little while she is able to stand in his shoes (Nair 4). To Kill a Mockingbird represents how people know what is wrong from right, but they choose the do the wrong thing anyway (Nair 4). In To Kill A Mockingbird we see people struggling to make the correct decision (Nair 4). Atticus tries to win Tom’s case even though he know he will get backlash from it (Nair 4). Boo, is also a hero because he saves the children even though he is forbidden to leave the house (Nair 4). By saving the kids, he is putting his life and reputation on the line (Nair 4). So, both the sheriff and Atticus risk getting caught lying to save Boo from the wrath of the townspeople (Nair 4). In conclusion, Harper Lee’s writing styles were very much inspired by her childhood and the people that she knew. Through the trial, the children learned that their town is extremely prejudice and will turn a blind eye to anything that has to do with someone that is not like them. They also learned that some people are different like their father, Miss Maudie and Mrs. Dubose. These are all people who knew what was right and acted on it. There will always be people who know what is right, but it is those who do the right thing that are the courageous ones. Works Cited Page Anderson, Nancy G. â€Å"Harper Lee.† Encyclopedia of Alabama, 19 Mar. 2007, Accessed 29 Nov. 2018. Coats, Karen. â€Å"I Am Scout: The Biography of Harper Lee (Review).† Oral History Review, Oxford University Press, Accessed 30 Nov. 2018 DiPiero, Thomas. â€Å"University of Rochester.† Rochester Review :: University of Rochester, Accessed 30 Nov. 2018. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York :Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006. Print. Nair, Nilanjana. â€Å"A Critical Analysis on To Kill A Mockingbird.† Academia.edu Share Research, Accessed 29 Nov. 2018.

Philip Augustus s Success Of The Angevin s Failure

Was Philip Augustus’ success linked to the Angevin’s failure? Philip Augustus undoubtedly faced weak Angevin opposition. However, it was the economic, administrative and ideological changes that had taken place in Capetian France, which were the real driving force behind Philip s success. John’s comparative weakness and poor leadership credentials made Capetian success even more likely, but did not make it inevitable. Philip had to harness the French economy and win the support of his nobility. He was so successful in these endeavors that he would have been a match for any 12th century European power. The strength of the Capetian economy was one of the most important factors in Philip’s success. Philip personally was very interested in developing Paris. He built Les Halles as a market place, paved many streets and invested heavily in infrastructure. The creation of a large market place and better transportation meant that the economy picked up and Paris became wealthier. This meant that Philip could call on Paris for financial support when he went on crusade. Assarting and the creation of communes furthered strengthened Philip’s economy. Between 1150 and 1180 the forests of Othen and Orleans were cleared, and over 40 new villages created in their wake.1 As Hallam pointed out, the king allowed these villages to be created and granted them special privileges in exchange for rent being paid directly to the crown. This cut out the middle men (the local nobility) and greatly

Online Article On Online Privacy - 2954 Words

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New advances are making it simpler for governments and organizations take in the particulars of our online exercises. Organizations gather our data to offer to the most astounding bidder while an extending reconnaissance contraption and obsolete privacy laws permit the administration to screen us more than ever. Protection can involve either Personally Identifying Information (PII) or non-PII data, for example, a webpage guest s conduct of a site. An increasing number of individuals areShow MoreRelatedOnline Article On Online Privacy1587 Words   |  7 PagesISRAEL DASNEY ALCANTARA ENGLISH COMPOSITION I 12/03/16 Online Privacy Claim The creation and foundation of the consistent utilization of the web in the previous couple of decades has really upset socialization and has changed culture the world over fundamentally. 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Rheumatoid Arthritis An Autoimmune Disease Essay

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that is described as â€Å"systematic inflammatory disease that manifests itself in multiple joints in the body†. (Center for Disease Control, 22 Jul. 2016) It is an autoimmune disease that affects millions in the US both directly and indirectly. RA affects both genders and is prevalent in people of all races and nationalities. Symptoms for RA include swollen or stiffness in joints, fatigue, and fever. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 18 Mar. 2016) Treatment for RA ranges from corticosteroids, to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), to an aggressive treatment with non-biological disease-modifying antiheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (Arthritis Foundation National Office, Web. 5 Sep. 2016) Therapy with a physical or occupational therapist could assist with reducing inflammation and even pain through exercise motions, and provide relief in completing daily tasks. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 18 Mar. 2016). RA is classified as a chronic, autoimmune rheumatic condition. 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Steinberg V the Chicago Medical School Free Essays

string(205) " fee to the school amounted to an offer; that the school’s voluntary reception of his fee constituted an acceptance and because of these events a contract was created between the school and himself\." Steinberg v The Chicago Medical School Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, Third Division. Mejda, P. J. We will write a custom essay sample on Steinberg V the Chicago Medical School or any similar topic only for you Order Now , and McGloon, J DEMPSEY, Justice: In December 1973 the plaintiff, Robert Steinberg, applied for admission to the defendant, the Chicago Medical School, as a first-year student for the academic year 1974–75 and paid an application fee of $15. The Chicago Medical School is a private, not-for-profit educational institution, incorporated in the State of Illinois. His application for admission was rejected and Steinberg filed a class action against the school, claiming that it had failed to evaluate his application and those of other applicants according to the academic entrance criteria printed in the school’s bulletin. Specifically, his complaint alleged that the school’s decision to accept or reject a particular applicant for the first-year class was primarily based on such nonacademic considerations as the *806 prospective student’s familial relationship to members of the school’s faculty and to members of its board of trustees, and the ability of the applicant or his family to pledge or make payment of large sums of money to the school. The complaint further alleged that by using such unpublished criteria to evaluate applicants the school had breached the contract, which Steinberg contended was created when the school accepted his application fee. In his prayer for relief Steinberg sought an injunction against the school prohibiting the continuation of such admission practices, and an accounting of all application fees, donations, contributions and other sums of money collected by the school from its applicants during a ten-year period prior to the filing of his suit. He did not ask the court to direct the school to admit him, to review his application or to return his fee. The defendant filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the complaint failed to state a cause of action because no contract came into existence during its transaction with Steinberg inasmuch as the school’s informational publication did not constitute a valid offer. The trial court sustained the motion to dismiss and Steinberg appeals from this order. The 1974–75 bulletin of the school, which was distributed to prospective students, epresented that the following criteria would be used by the school in determining whether applicants would be accepted as first-year medical students: ‘Students are selected on the basis of scholarship, character, and motivation without regard to race, creed, or sex. The student’s potential for the study and practice of medicine will be evaluated on the basis of academic achievement, Medical College Admission Test results, p ersonal appraisals by a pre-professional advisory committee or individual instructors, and the personal interview, if requested by the Committee on Admissions. In his four-count complaint Steinberg alleged, in addition to his claim that the school breached its contract (Count I), that the school’s practice of using selection standards which were not disclosed in the school’s informational brochure, constituted a violation of the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. , **589 1973, ch. 121 1/2, par. 261, et seq. ) and of the Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. , 1973, ch. 121 1/2, par. 311, et seq. ) (Count II); fraud (Count III), and unjust enrichment (Count IV). Since we are in accord with the trial court’s decision that the complaint did not state a cause of action under Counts II, III and IV, we shall limit our discussion to Count I. A contract is an agreement between competent parties, based upon a consideration sufficient in law, to do or not do a particular thing. It is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a *807 remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty. Rynearson v. Odin-Svenson Development Corp. (1969), 108 Ill. App. 2d 125, 246 N. E. 2d 823. A contract’s essential requirements are: competent parties, valid subject matter, legal consideration, mutuality of obligation and mutuality of agreement. Generally, parties may contract in any situation where there is no legal prohibition, since the law acts by restraint and not by conferring rights. Berry v. De Bruyn (1898), 77 Ill. App. 359. However, it is basic contract law that in order for a contract to be binding the terms of the contract must be reasonably certain and definite. Kraftco Corp v. Koblus (1971), 1 Ill. App. 3d 635, 274 N. E. 2d 153. A contract, in order to be legally binding, must be based on consideration. Wickstrom v. Vern E. Alden Co. (1968), 99 Ill. App. 2d 254, 240 N. E. 2d 401. Consideration has been defined to consist of some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party or some forbearance, disadvantage, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other. Riddle v. La Salle National Bank (1962), 34 Ill. App. 2d 116, 180 N. E. 2d 719. Money its a valuable consideration and its transfer or payment or promises to pay it or the benefit from the right to its use, will support a contract. In forming a contract, it is required that both parties assent to the same thing in the same sense (La Salle National Bank v. International Limited (1970), 129 Ill. App. 2d 381, 263 N. E. 2d 506) and that their minds meet on the essential terms and conditions. Richton v. Farina (1973), 14 Ill. App. 3d 697, 303 N. E. 2d 218. Furthermore, the mutual consent essential to the formation of a contract, must be gathered from the language employed by the parties or manifested by their words or acts. The intention of the parties gives character to the transaction and if either party contracts in good faith he is entitled to the benefit of his contract no matter what may have been the secret purpose or intention of the other party. Kelly v. Williams (1911), 162 Ill. App. 571. Steinberg contends that the Chicago Medical School’s informational brochure constituted an invitation to make an offer; that his subsequent application and the submission of his $15 fee to the school amounted to an offer; that the school’s voluntary reception of his fee constituted an acceptance and because of these events a contract was created between the school and himself. You read "Steinberg V the Chicago Medical School" in category "Papers" He contends that the school was duty bound under the terms of the contract to evaluate his application according to its stated standards and that the deviation from these standards not only breached the contract, but amounted to an arbitrary selection which constituted a violation of due process and equal protection. He concludes that such a breach did in fact take place each and every time during the past ten years that the school evaluated applicants according to their *808 relationship to the school’s faculty members or members of its board of trustees, or in accordance with their ability to make or pledge large sums of money to the school. Finally, he asserts that he is a member and a proper representative of the class that has been damaged by the school’s practice. The school counters that no contract came into being because informational brochures, such as its bulletin, do not constitute **590 offers, but are onstrued by the courts to be general proposals to consider, examine and negotiate. The school points out that this doctrine has been specifically applied in Illinois to university informational publications. People ex rel. Tinkoff v. Northwestern University (1947), 333 Ill. App. 224, 77 N. E. 2d 345. In Tinkoff, a rejected applicant sued to force Northwestern to admit him , claiming that the university had violated the contract that arose when he demonstrated that he had met the school’s academic entrance requirements and had submitted his application and fee. His primary contention was that the school’s brochure was an offer and that his completion of the acts, required by the bulletin for application, constituted his acceptance. In rejecting this argument, the court stated: ‘Plaintiffs complain Tinkoff, Jr. was denied the right to contract as guaranteed by the Illinois and United States constitutions. We need only say that he had no right to contract with the University. His right to contract for and pursue an education is limited by the right which the University has under its charter. We see no merit to plaintiff’s contention that the rules and regulations were an offer of contract and his compliance therewith and acceptance giving rise to a binding contract. The wording of the bulletin required further action by the University in admitting Tinkoff, Jr. before a contract between them would arise. ‘ The court based its holding on the fact that Northwestern, as a private educational institution, had reserved in its State charter the right to reject any application for any reason it deemed adequate. Although the facts of the Tinkoff case are similar to the present situation, we believe that the defendant’s reliance upon it is misplaced. First, Steinberg is not claiming that his submission of the application and the $15 constituted an acceptance by him; he is merely maintaining that it was an offer, which required the subsequent acceptance of the school to create a contract. Also, it is obvious that his assertion that the bulletin of the school only amounted to an invitation to make an offer, is consistent with the prevailing law and the school’s own position. More importantly, Steinberg is not requesting that the school be ordered to admit him as a student, pursuant to the contract, but only that the school be prohibited from misleading prospective students by stating *809 in its informational literature, evaluation standards that are not subsequently used in the selection of students. Furthermore, the school does not allege, nor did it demonstrate by way of its bulletin or its charter that it had reserved the right to reject any applicant for any reason. It only stated certain narrow standards by which each and every applicant was to be evaluated. In relation to the preceding argument, the school also maintains that the $15 application fee did not amount to a legal consideration, but only constituted a pre-contracting expense. Consequently, the school argues that as a matter of law the $15 is not recoverable as damage even if a contract was eventually entered into and breached. Chicago Coliseum Club v. Dempsey (1932), 265 Ill. App. 542. In the Dempsey case, boxing promoters incurred expenses and entered into several contracts that were necessary for the staging of a heavyweight championship fight. However, most of the contracts were entered into prior to signing Dempsey (the then heavywright champion) for the event. For example, approximately a week prior to Dempsey’s signing, the plaintiff entered into a contract with a fighter named Wills, who was to be the champion’s opponent. Dempsey signed a contract but later breached it, and the fight promoters sued him for expenses incurred by them under the Wills contract and under other contracts **591 which had been entered into by them in anticipation of the champion signing a contract and fulfilling his obligation thereunder. The court stated: ‘The general rule is that in an action for a breach of contract a party can recover only on damages which naturally flow from and are the result of the act complained of. . . . The Wills contract was entered into prior to the contract with the defendant and was not made contingent upon the plaintiff’s obtaining a similar agreement with the defendant Dempsey. Under the circumstances the plaintiff speculated as to the result of his efforts to procure the Dempsey contract. . . Any obligations assumed by the plaintiff prior to that time (of contracting with Mr. Dempsey) are not chargeable to the defendant. ‘ The defendant’s reliance on the Dempsey case is also misplaced. Although it is a leading case for the proposition that expenses incurred during preliminary negotiations to procure a contract are not recoverable as damages, it has no relevance to the allegations of Steinberg’s complaint. The defendant misconceives and misstates his po sition when it asserts that the Tinkoff and Dempsey cases ‘are completely ispositive of plaintiff’s argument that the informational brochure constituted an ‘offer’ to evaluate applicants solely on the basis of criteria set forth therein, and the submission of an application with the $15. 00 fee the ‘consideration’ *810 binding that offer and effecting a consummated contract. ‘ He does not claim that the brochure was an offer and his submission of a fee an acceptance of that offer. To repeat, what he does claim is that the brochure was an invitation to make an offer; that his response was an offer, and that the school’s retention of his fee was an acceptance of that offer. We agree with Steinberg’s position. We believe that he and the school entered into an enforceable contract; that the school’s obligation under the contract was stated in the school’s bulletin in a definitive the school’s stated criteria. application fee–a valuable consideration–the school bound itself to fulfill its promises. Steinberg accepted the school’s promises in good faith and he was entitled to have his application judged according to the school’s stated creiteria. The school argues that he should not be allowed to recover because his complaint did not state a causal connection between the rejection of his application and the school’s alleged use of unpublished evaluation criteria. It points out that there is an equal probability that his application was rejected for failing to meet the stated standards, and since the cause of his damages is left to conjecture they may be attributed as easily to a condition for which there is no liability as to one for which there is. This argument focuses on the wrong point. Once again, Steinberg did not allege that he was damaged when the school rejected his application. He alleged that he was damaged when the school used evaluation criteria other than those published in the school’s bulletin. This ultimate, well-pleaded allegation was admitted by the school’s motion to dismiss. Logan v. Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Hospital (1968), 92 Ill. App. 2d 68, 235 N. E. 2d 851. The primary purpose of pleadings is to inform the opposite party and the court of the nature of the action and the facts on which it is based. The Civil Practice Act of Illinois provides that pleadings shall be liberally construed to the end that controversies may be settled on their merits. Jorgensen v. Baker (1959), 21 Ill. App. 2d 196, 157 N. E. 2d 773; Ill. Rev. Stat. , 1973, ch. 110, par. 33(3). Therefore, a cause of action should not be dismissed unless it clearly appears that no set of facts can be proven under the pleadings which will entitle the plaintiff to recover. **592 Herman v. Prudence Mutual Casualty Co. (1968), 92 Ill. App. 2d 222, 235 N. E. 2d 346. Additionally, a complaint will not be dismissed for failure to state a cause of action if the facts essential to its claim appear by reasonable implication. Johnson v. Illini Mutual Insurance Co. (1958), 18 Ill. App. 2d 211, 151 N. E. 2d 634. A complaint is not required to make out a case which will entitle the plaintiff to all of the sought-after relief, but it need only raise a fair question as to the existence of the right. People ex rel. Clark v. McCurdie (1966), 75 Ill. App. 2d 217, 220 N. E. 2d 318. Count I of Steinberg’s complaint stated a valid cause of action, and the portion of the trial court’s order dismissing that count will be reversed and remanded. Alternatively, the school asserts that if Steinberg is entitled to recover, the recovery should be limited to $15 because he is not a proper representative of the class of applicants that was supposed to be damaged by the school’s use of unpublished entrance standards. Fundamentally, it argues that it had no contract with Steinberg and since he does not have a cause of action, he cannot represent a class of people who may have similar claims. We have found, however, that he does have a cause of action. The primary test for the validity of a class action is whether the members of the class have a community of interest in the subject matter and the remedy. Smyth v. Kaspar American State Bank (1956), 9 Ill. 2d 27, 136 N. E. 2d 796. Even if the wrongs were suffered in unrelated transactions, a class action may stand as long as there are common factual and legal issues. Gaffney v. Shell Oil Co. (1974), 19 Ill. App. 3d 987, 312 N. E. 2d 753. The legal issue in this case would be the same as to each member of the class, and the factual issue–the amount payed by each member, an application fee of $15– identical. Steinberg alleged that in applying for admission to the school, each member of the class assumed that the school would use the selection factors set out in its 1974–75 bulletin, and that admission fees were paid and contracts created, but that each contract we breached in the same manner as his. This allegation established a community of interest between him and the other members of the class in terms of subject matter and remedy, and since he has a valid cause of action against the school, the class has also. He is a proper representative of the class and his suit is a proper vehicle to resolve the common factual and legal issues involved even though the members of the class suffered damage in separate transactions. However, the class action cannot be as extensive as Steinberg’s complaint requested. Recovery cannot be had by everyone who applied to the medical school during the ten years prior to the filing of his complaint. His action was predicated on standards described in the school’s 1974–75 brochure; therefore, the class to be represented is restricted to those applicants who sought admission in reliance on the standards in that brochure. We agree with the school’s contention that a State through its courts does not have the authority to interfere with the power of the trustees of a private medical school to make rules concerning the admission of students. The requirement in the case of public schools, applicable because they belong to the public, that admission regulations *812 must be reasonable is not pertinent in the case of a private school or university. 33 I. L. P. Schools, s 312. We also agree that using unpublished entrance requirements would not violate an applicant’s right to due process and equal protection of law. The provisions of the due process clause of the Federal constitution are inhibitions upon the power of government and not upon the freedom of action of private individuals. 16 Am. Jur. 2d, **593 Constitutional Law, sec. 557. The equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment does not prohibit the individual invasion of individual rights. Gilmore v. City of Montgomery (1974), 417 U. S. 556, 94 S. Ct. 2416, 41 L. Ed. 2d 304. The order dismissing Counts II, III and IV is affirmed. The order dismissing Count I is reversed. The cause is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with the views expressed in this opinion. Affirmed in part; reversed in part and remanded with directions. MEJDA, P. J. , and McGLOON, J. , concur. How to cite Steinberg V the Chicago Medical School, Papers

Counsumer Behavior free essay sample

Absolute threshold Differential threshold †¢How does sensory adaptation affect advertising effectiveness? How can marketers overcome sensory adaptation? †¢Discuss the differences between the absolute threshold and the differential threshold. Which is more important to marketers? Explain your answer. For each of these products—chocolate bars and bottles of expensive perfume—describe how marketers can apply their knowledge of differential threshold to packaging, pricing, and promotional claims during periods of (a) rising ingredient and materials costs and (b) increasing competition. 2. Key Concepts Contrast Figure and ground †¢How do advertisers use contrast to make sure that their ads are noticed? Would the lack of contrast between the advertisement and the medium in which it appears help or hinder the effectiveness of the ad? What are the ethical considerations in employing such strategies? †¢What are the implications of figure-ground relationships for print ads and for online ads? How can the figure-ground construct help or interfere with the communication of advertising messages? †¢Find three examples of print advertisements that use some of the stimulus factors discussed in the chapter to gain attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Counsumer Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For each example, evaluate the effectiveness of the stimulus factors used. 3. Key Concepts Selective perception Perceptual mapping †¢Define selective perception. Thinking back, relate one or two elements of this concept to your own attention patterns in viewing print advertisements and TV commercials. †¢Select a company that produces several versions of the same product under the same or different brands (one that is not discussed in this chapter). Visit the firm’s Web site and prepare a list of the product items and the benefits that each item offers to consumers. Are all these benefits believable and will they persuade consumers to buy the different versions of the product? Explain your answers. †¢Construct a two-dimensional perceptual map of your college using the two attributes that were most influential in your selection. Then mark the position of your school on the diagram relative to that of another school you considered. Discuss the implications of this perceptual may for the student recruitment function of the university that you did not choose.

Immunity and Disease Campylobacter Infections- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImmunity and Diseasefor Campylobacter Jejuni Infections. Answer: Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic pathogenic bacterium that is a causative organism for gastroenteritis in humans which is called campylobacteriosis. Infections caused by Campylobacter are more common than those caused by other pathogens, such as Salmonella, Shigella or Escherichia coli O157:H7. Consumption of undercooked poultry and handling of uncooked chicken causes most of the infections. Although the organism does not cause infection in chicken, it inhabits the intestine (Wigley, 2013). Contaminated drinking water and raw milk from infected cattle could also cause infection(Humphrey, 1987). Chopping of vegetables on surfaces contaminated by poultry can increase the risk of food borne infection if the vegetables are served raw or partially cooked. Symptoms of an infection include fever, abdominal cramps and diarrhoea and diagnosis is usually done by culturing stool samples of patients. Presence of mucus and blood in the stools is common. Antibiotic resistant Campylobacter strain s are difficult to treat(Acheson Allos, 2001). The infection by Campylobacter jejuni causes inflammation of the intestinal surfaces and this leads to malabsorption of nutrients. C. jejuni is also known to cause autoimmune disorders Guillain-Barre syndrome and the Miller-Fisher syndrome. Other than gastroenteritis, the organism is associated with inflammatory bowel syndrome, colon cancer and Barrett's oesophagus. Other than the gastrointestinal system, it can cause infections in the lung, the pathogen has been known to cause brain abscess, bacteremia, meningitis and arthritis (Kaakoush, et al., 2015). The infection is known to occur more commonly in infants and children blow the age of five years and among young adults. A higher number of cases has been reported from North America, Australia and Europe. The problem of gastroenteritis is common in the developing countries. When infection by Campylobacter jejuni occurs, the immune system is able to recognize the pathogen as non-self and launches an immune response against the organism. The human innate has evolved in such a manner that it can recognize invading pathogens. It has to overcome the stealth mechanisms that the pathogen in capable of when it evades detection by the host's immune system The sentinel cells of the mucosal epithelium of the intestine are able to recognize bacteria by their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The bile acids that include the cholates and the deoxycholates have a detergent like action and can kill bacteria. In the human intestine the concentration of the bile acids ranges from 0.2%-2% (Fonseca, et al., 2016). Another level of protection from infection is provided by the mucus gel layer that coats the intestinal epidermis. It is made up of the mucin proteins or the MUCs (Hollingsworth Swanson, 2004). The MUCs play an important role in immune surveillance. The mucins associated with the membrane, example, MUC1 and the secreted mucins MUC2 re proteins with domains that are arrays of tandem repeats and re rich in the amino acids threonine, serine and proline, the PTS domains. These domains are glycosylated. It has been found that inappropriate expression of MUC1 can predispose human beings to inflammatory and infectious diseases (Sheng, et al., 2013). MUC1 is overexpressed in case of C. jejuni infection of the intestine. It promotes anti-inflammatory effect against the bacteria by reducing the activation of NF-B and decrease in IL-8 cytokine production(Fonseca, et al., 2016). When MUC1 expression is less the surface expression on antigen presenting cells (APCs) of CD40, CD80 and CD86 increases. This results in a higher secretion of TNF- and a greater stimulation of CD4+ T cells results. Lack of MUC2 causes increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines occurs, these include, IL-1, TNF- and INF-. Local inflammation protects against C. jejuni infection (Fonseca, et al., 2016). The adaptive immune response against Campylobacter jejuni is multipronged. Phagocytosis is preceded by the recognition of bacterial antigens through the pattern recognition receptors. The processing of antigens occurs via the lysosomal pathway, where the lysosomal enzymes degrade antigens. The Major Histocompatibity Complex presents the epitopes and epitope recognition occurs through the t cell receptors on CD4+ while the MHC is recognised by the CD8+. Recognition of the soluble antigens when present is mediated by the B cell receptors. The secretion of the antibody isotypes follows and complement activation by antibodies also occurs. The opsonization of the bacteria by antibodies is followed by phagocytosis. Interferon-gamma activates the macrophages and lymphocytes. The antigen presenting cells produce the cytokine IL-12 which in turn induces interferon-gamma by the T helper cells. Among the strategies that Campylobacter jejuni uses to evade the killing effect of the immune response is the presence of a lipopolysaccharide capsule, which is not a regular feature of other enteric pathogens. The capsule helps to evade the non-specific action of lysozyme, complement, phagocytes and other constituents of the serum through which the serum can kill the bacteria. Specific components of the serum that include antibodies and lymphocytes can also lyse or kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria once contact is made with the pathogen. The presence of the LPS capsule also facilitates the colonization of C. jejuni in the mouse intestine(Mauea, et al., 2013). The epithelial cells separate the interstitium of the body from the lumen of the intestine. The paracellular spaces remain sealed by the tight junctions that consist of occludins and claudins, the transmembrane proteins. Even a minor change n the structure of the occludins facilitates the entry of C. jejuni to t he inner reaches and cause infection (Clayburgh, et al., 2004). Interleukins IL-23p19, IL-22 and IL-18 have important functions in conferring the host with immunity. It has been found in the murine model that upon C. jejuni infection, there is an upregulation of these interleukins. In the intestine the IL-23 is understood to play the role of a master regulator in the development of a mucosal immune response in the event of intestinal infection that is followed by inflammation. IL-22 is part of the IL-10 family of interleukins and it exerts a three pronged effect, it has potent anti-microbial activity, is tissue-protective and has inflammatory properties. In the large intestine, the IL-22 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, while in the small intestine it acts a pro-inflammatory cytokine. In a study on the impact of the IL-23, IL-22 and IL-18 axis upon C. jejuni infection, it was seen that IL-18 mediates intestinal and systemic immune responses (Bereswill, et al., 2016). Due to the intestinal immune response there is production of IL 17 by the CD4+ cells in the intestine. The production of this interleukin has been shown to reduce the colonisation of the intestine by C. jejuni. But the absence of the capsule in mutant C. jejuni makes the action of the IL 17 more potent and the size of the colony is reduced. The T helper 17 response has an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis besides initiating protective immune response against intestinal pathogens (Mauea, et al., 2013). The Th17 mediates the response to pathogens through innate immunity, which is non-specific and not in response to a particular antigen and through adaptive immunity which includes the B-cell mediated antibody response and the cell mediated response that is due to the function of the T lymphocytes. The innate Th17 response is due to the filamentous bacteria that colonize the gut and are a part of the symbiotic gut microbiota. The innate Th17 response occurs quickly under the effect of the cytokines, but the adaptive response may take a few days to a few weeks to take effect. IL-17 and IL-22 are the cytokines that bring on the quick innate response and are in turn expressed due to the upstream cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and IL-23. IL-17 is known to bring about induction of inflammation and through recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection in the intestine. Whereas, IL-22 induces cells of the intestinal epithelium to produce antibacterial molecules. In a study on the cells cultured from a colon biopsy, cocultured with C. jejuni that was treated to IL-17, it was found that the ability of the pathogen to invade the epithelial cells was reduced(Edwards LA, et al., 2010). The cytokine production is downregulated when pathogenic strains are devoid of their usual capsules. Probably the capsules play a role in eliciting a stronger innate immune response. The Toll-like receptor 4 is a transmembrane receptor that belongs to the pattern recognition receptor family. In response to recognition of molecular patterns on the capsules of pathogenic bacteria it activates the innate immune response through the NF-B signalling and stimulates the release of cytokines that induce inflammation(Molteni, et al., 2016). The Toll-like receptor 4 is a mediator of the pro-inflammatory response. It has been shown to be active against the capsular lipopolysaccharide of the C. jejuni. The capsule also resists the action of the complement system and prevents puncturing of the cell wall (Mauea, et al., 2013). The MeOPN or the O-methyl phosphoramidate capsule modification in the C. jejuni capsule is present in most pathogenic strains of the bacterium.A mutant which lacked MeOPN in its capsule was susceptible to killing by the complement system and human serum (van Alphen, et al., 2014). These and other features that are characteristic of the surface of the pathogen help it to circumvent and evade the immune response of the human body and in particular the intestinal micro - environment, colonize and infect the human intestine. The role of C. jejuni in development of autoimmune disorders has also been investigated. This organism is known to produce glycoconjugates. These include the human ganglioside kind of determinants and activators of the TLRs (the Toll-like receptors). Autoimmune induction is preceded by IL-1 secretion that is dependent on inflammasome or the MyD88-mediated TLR activation. C. jejuni does target MyD88, NLRP3 inflammasome, sialic-acid binding immunoglobulin like lectins (Siglecs) and the macrophage galactose type lectin besides the immunoglobulin like receptors, the TREM2 and the LMIR5CD300b. TIR-domain containing adaptor inducing interferon- or the TRIF is known to mediate the type I interferon production that triggers the humoral immune response and the class switching of immunoglobulins. Upon activation the Siglec-1 activates the inflammatory response and phagocytosis. TREM2 also plays a role in phagocytosis. When autoreactive lymphocytes are present and C. jejuni activates the innate immune response, autoimmune diseases may be triggered (Phonqsisay, 2016). In conclusion, the pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen that infects the intestinal wall and can cause symptoms such as, fever, diarrhoea and there could be traces of blood or mucus in the stools. The foods that can cause infection are improperly cooked poultry, raw milk and handling of raw meat. The organism is microaerophilic and it can infect the intestinal wall. The human body's immune system can identify and kill the infectious pathogen. Both innate and adaptive immunity play a role in eliminating the pathogen. But Campylobacter jejuni can evade the immune response using a host of mechanisms. Principal among the evasive tools that it employs is the presence of the lipopolysaccharide capsule. Autoimmune disorders such as Guillain-Barre syndrome and the Miller-Fisher syndrome can occur weeks after the symptoms of the infection have subsided. References Acheson, D. Allos, B., 2001. Campylobacter jejuni Infections: Update on Emerging Issues and Trends. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32(8), pp. 1201-1206. Bereswill, S. et al., 2016. Interleukin-18 Mediates Immune Responses to Campylobacter jejuni Infection in Gnotobiotic Mice. PLoS ONE, 11(6), p. e0158020. Clayburgh, D., Shen, L. Turner, J., 2004. A porous defense: the leaky epithelial barrier in intestinal disease.. Laboratory investigation , 84(3), pp. 282-91.. Edwards LA, N. K. M. D. S. H. Z. M. W. B. D. N. L. K., Wedderburn, L. Bajaj-Elliott, M., 2010. 2010. Delineation of the innate and adaptive T-cell immune outcome in the human host in response to Campylobacter jejuni infection.. PLoS ONE, Volume 5, p. e15398.. Fonseca, B., Fernandez, H. Rossi, D., 2016. Campylobacter spp. and Related Organisms in Poultry: Pathogen-Host Interactions, Diagnosis and Epidemiology. s.l.:Springer. Hollingsworth, M. Swanson, B., 2004. Mucins in cancer: protection and control of the cell surface. Nature Reviews Cancer, Volume 4, pp. 45-60. Humphrey, T., 1987. Campylobacterjejuni in dairy cows and raw milk. Epidemiology and infection, Volume 98, pp. 263-269. Kaakoush, N. O., Castao-Rodrguez, N., Mitchell, H. M. Man, S. M., 2015. Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection.. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28 (3), p. 687720. Mauea, A. et al., 2013. The Polysaccharide Capsule of Campylobacter jejuni Modulates the Host Immune Response. Infection and Immunity, 81(3), pp. 665-672. Molteni, M., Gemma, S. Rossetti, C., 2016. The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammation. Mediators of Inflammation, p. 6978936. Phonqsisay, V., 2016. The immunobiology of Campylobacter jejuni: Innate immunity and autoimmune diseases.. Immunobiology, 221(4), pp. 535-43. Sheng, Y. et al., 2013. MUC1 and MUC13 differentially regulate epithelial inflammation in response to inflammatory and infectious stimuli.. Mucosal Immunology, 6(3), pp. 557-68. van Alphen, L. et al., 2014. Biological roles of the O-methyl phosphoramidate capsule modification in Campylobacter jejuni.. PLoS ONE, 9(1), p. e87051. Wigley, P., 2013. Immunity to bacterial infection in the chicken.. Developmental and comparative immunology, 41(3), pp. 413-7. .